But both places have poor records of monitoring and policing their elephant populations, and have been heavily implicated in epidemics of poaching that have broken out in the last decade.
Large-scale epidemics are mainly caused by serogroup A, although serogroups W135 and C have also been implicated in epidemics.
Exactly why this infection, in the same family with the viruses that cause yellow fever and dengue fever, is suddenly implicated in an epidemic of birth defects is a work in progress.
The DENV types implicated in this epidemic were in order of frequency DENV-1 (69%), DENV-4 (23.7%), and DENV-2 (7.3%), with only two DENV-3 cases reported (<0.1%).
DENV-1 was the type identified in viral isolates obtained from 15 cases from Hawaii, and the mosquito vector implicated in this epidemic was Aedes albopictus [ 54].
HEV infections with genotypes 1 and 2 are implicated in both epidemic and sporadic cases of HEV infection, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 have been only implicated in sporadic cases so far.
"Much of the attention has focused on sugars, but traditional carbohydrate staples like pasta, rice and breads are increasingly being implicated in the epidemics of obesity," writes John Sievenpiper from St Michael's Hospital in Toronto in the journal BMJ Open.
While most of the light pollution research so far has focused on breast and prostate cancers, there are also hints that light at night may be implicated in modern epidemics of obesity, heart disease, sleep disorders, childhood cancers and depression.
The innovative approach used in this study was based on high throughput, multiplexed detection of seven pathogens that have been implicated in several epidemics with high mortality rates [14].
Similar recombinant VDPVs have been implicated in the epidemics in Hispaniola and in the Philippines (6, 9 ).
