A 2003 report by the University of California found that implementing race-neutral admissions policies led to a "substantial decline" in the proportion of black, Latino and American Indian students entering the system's most selective institutions.
Oakland follows Maryland's Board of Education who recently implemented race based discipline policies mandating that no one racial or ethnic group undergo a disproportionate rate of disciplinary actions.
Obama guidelines: "Institutions are not required to implement race-neutral approaches if, in their judgment, the approaches would be unworkable".
The drop in enrollment has occurred despite efforts by the university to implement race-neutral admissions policies that, officials say, promote diversity.
The question is not whether universities in the state must implement race-conscious admissions policies.
The similar concept of having same-age marketers develop and implement racing's message at Hastings Race Course in Vancouver, BC, has brought a new young audience to that track with double-digit increases in attendance.
The document outlines the government's plans for implementing the Race Relations Amendment Act 2000, which is aimed at tackling institutional racism in across the whole public sector.
The provider organisation had recently implemented a race equality cultural competence (RECC) programme; which is mandatory for all clinical staff.
Waldrop acknowledges the NTRA found there was irregular testing for milkshaking (TCO2 testing) around the country, "With the RMTC and the NTRA Race Track Accreditation process, we've implemented pre-race TCO2 testing on every major racing circuit and we have seen a drastic decrease in the 'super trainers' who have win percentages that no one can understand".
Therefore, any institution cannot constitutionally implement a race-based quota system, but may pursue race-based preference in the admissions process if they have a compelling interest (i.e. to seek diversity).
Having implemented a race-neutral program to increase minority admissions, she says, Texas may not supplement it with a race-conscious one.
