In Canada and the United States, the national accreditation councils have implemented competency-based criteria for postgraduate medical education [ 1, 11].
A number of policy changes led to improvements in infection control, including reducing multi-function use of wards, developing policies for non-compliant patients, improving cleaning policies and implementing competency assessment for glucometer use and decontamination.
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires accredited general surgery residencies to implement competency-based developmental outcomes in resident evaluations.
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires accredited residency programs to implement competency-based assessments of medical trainees based upon nationally established Milestones.
The Dutch Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology has been at the forefront of the movement to design and implement competency-based training for obstetrics and gynaecology.
When implementing competency-based education, curriculum time has to be reserved so students can develop their competencies.
Consequently, when implementing competency-based medical education, curriculum time has to be reserved for students' competency development [ 2, 15].
Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of implementing competency-based education at the undergraduate level.
Finally, we outline challenges associated with implementing competencies in order to sustain a workforce capable of delivering quality services for people with MNS disorders.
As the CBAL cohorts seldom scored lower than the comparison cohorts and no long-term differences were found, we consider a permanent negative impact of implementing competency-based education on student learning and expertise development unlikely.
This has included facilitating systems for developing and implementing competency-based curricula and harmonization of FP and HIV/AIDS content for pre-service and in-service training, especially of nurses and midwives [ 3].
