If we have an empty (BN_B (X)) or zero values for D, then mutation strategy can be implemented by generated N neighbors around each solution as follows: for each string generated N-solutions randomly, K bits are selected randomly from (mathbf{x}_i ) of bat i; then the selected K bits are inverted.
Stacking is implemented by first generating a number of first-level individual learners from the training dataset with different learning algorithms and then combining them by adopting a second-level learner called metalearner [ 47].
Not all features of the desired charging behavior can be attained by the hard-wired logic implemented by expert generated rules.
Perceptual comfort is discussed as well as efficient integration of contextual information, which is implemented by smoothing generated viewpoint/camera sequences to alleviate flickering visual artifacts and discontinuous story-telling artifacts.
The log-probability (LogPr) for a species evolutionary sequence from the ancestor is the summation of individual nucleotide evolutionary log-probabilities, and the evolutionary probability expectation obtained from Monte Carlo integration (exp(LogPr) mean), can be implemented by using moment generating function with argument one.
That decision, implemented by bureaucratic decree, generated a series of arcane legal battles in which parents – mostly lawyers – objected to their offspring being double-dashed.
MATLAB R2010a (MathWorks, Natick, MA) was used to implement the study by generating data via in silico experiments and then performing parameter identification.
The employed substitution models, selected using ModelGenerator [ 30], were TVM (transversional model) + γ + I for the cyt b gene and TVM + γ for the IRBP gene (implemented by modifying the file generated with the program BEAUti), with empirical base frequencies, and four γ rate categories.
We summarized seasonal patterns of body mass by generating date-specific predicted values using b-spline procedures implemented by PROC TRANSREG in SAS® [ 41], generating a third degree equation with no knots to allow for two inflection points over the winter.
