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Importantly, implementation variables are closely related to policy intervention ones.
Figure 2 shows the average value of the implementation variables by birth year.
Implementation variables also play a key role in this case, particularly for the low skilled.
In particular, I estimated three reduced models for each dependent variable: the first model including only the four policy variables, the second model testing only implementation variables, and the third model with all policy and implementation variables.
Moreover, given that implementation variables are closely related to policy intervention ones, interaction terms are included in the models.
This implies that the implementation variables may be downward biased estimations of the probability of studying under LOGSE.
Training, in contrast, seems to be effective mostly for the overall population; however, it has also positive effects for the low skilled through the interaction with implementation variables.
First, the implementation variables are based on the specific grade (at each stage ESO1, ESO2, or Baccalaureate) an individual "should" have studied according to birth year.
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