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A predominant decline in prevalence of HBV infections was achieved with implementation of vaccine programs and mandatory screenings of blood donors improved HCV management in most countries.
Challenges also remain in the implementation of vaccine programs, particularly in improving the rates of vaccine coverage.
This investigation, together with data from Alaska that indicated that 78%84%% of invasive pneumococcal disease among children <2 years of age could be prevented by using PCV7, resulted in the implementation of vaccine programs in 3 northern regions of Canada using both the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and PCV7 in 2002.
The observation of an increasing incidence of empyema due to pneumococcus in some jurisdictions with universal vaccine programs, particularly due to strains not covered in the vaccine [ 2], is concerning, and highlights the importance of surveillance to detect changes in the epidemiology of disease following the implementation of vaccine programs.
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Australia is a world leader in the early implementation of HPV vaccine programs, with approximately 83% of eligible females in the target population of 12 13 year olds having had at least one dose of the vaccine, and 73% having completed the 3 dose program [ 15].
This finding is likely a conservative assessment of the effect of the program, given the staggered implementation of universal vaccine programs in the circumpolar region.
Furthermore, the development of HPV vaccines and implementation of vaccination programs might help to reduce the burden of disease [ 9].
However, from July 2001, when Chiron/NIPH was initially contracted to deliver the vaccine; the overall process of vaccine development, completion of clinical trials and vaccine licensure, through to implementation of the vaccine program was much faster than usual (3 y vs. 10 15 y).
Taiwanese women born after implementation of the vaccine program had lower HBsAg positive rate than women born outside of Taiwan (8.8% vs. 13.1%).
The implementation of a vaccine program in the 1940s and 1950s based on diphtheria toxoid had nearly eliminated diphtheria in developing countries.
The model incorporated Chinese data where available and included both direct and indirect (herd) effects on the unvaccinated population, assuming a point in time following the initial introduction of the vaccine where the impact of the indirect effects has reached a steady state, approximately seven years following the implementation of the vaccine program.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com