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The implementation of curricula and assessments, on the other hand, would bring about the so-called washback and impact on the education system and the society, as shown by the bottom-up arrows.
Finally, the degree of schools' autonomy towards educational resources and the implementation of curricula and the frequency of assessments were school-related confounders, the former with a positive effect whilst the latter represents a negative confounder.
This model of change is supported by research showing that changing an instructor's beliefs leads to a change in practice (Ho et al. 2001) or that an instructor's beliefs about teaching can impact their implementation of curricula (Brickhouse 1990; Cronin-Jones 1991; Roehrig and Kruse 2005) and scientific inquiry lessons (Roehrig and Luft 2004).
Based on the findings of this study there are a number of critical issues that need addressing include streamlining the implementation of curricula, optimizing available resources at the CBE sites or in the community, and strengthening the infrastructure for training and welfare (such as internet access).
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These two committees have exerted great effect on the design, modification and implementation of language curricula in Singapore's various school levels.
This transformation of education requires a new approach to the design, development, and implementation of both curricula and education; a reengineering of the instructional design process.
Many barriers to implementation of IPE curricula have been reported, including scheduling, space and time for training, matching levels of learners, faculty development, and institutional buy-in.
Based on the exploration of the teacher enactment of the mobilized 5E curriculum, implications are drawn concerning the implementation of innovative curricula implementation and the supports for teacher professional development of such innovation with the ultimate purpose of sustaining and scaling.
The committee further argued that the design and implementation of reformed curricula should attend to research on how people learn.
There was a non-significant association between the reporting of implementation of formal curricula following the course and the presence of allies and support.
This curricular change has not occurred in many of their developing country counterparts, with few published reports of the implementation of EBM curricula in these settings [ 20- 23].
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