The design, implementation, and operational method of the surveys have been described previously [ 13, 27].
By type of science along the R&D value chain, £42.2 million (87%) was directed towards preclinical research, and £2.6 million (5%) towards implementation and operational research.
Studies were also allocated to one of four categories along the R&D value chain: preclinical; phase 1, 2 or 3; product development; and implementation and operational research.
Both methods have obvious (e.g., frequency-based measures take longer to complete and invoke more participant fatigue) and potential (e.g., contextualizing instruments is time-consuming and may affect psychometric properties) drawbacks that, in light of our findings, should give practitioners pause regarding the widespread implementation of either method for operational use.
The utility of such a tool depends upon its potential for operational use, i.e., for implementation without any fine-scale data.
Although existing regulations provide guidance, they do not provide clear operational guidelines for the implementation and use of information systems in international settings.
Everyone knows enterprise open source requires implementation, maintenance and operational costs.
