Plasma-based ion implantation (PBII) of nitrogen into chrome plated-steel is discussed with regard to dimensional homogeneity, depth distribution and the possibility of combining different implantation modes.
Two different valves are commercially available, endobronchial (Zephyr®; Pulmonx Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) and intrabronchial (Spiration®; Olympus Inc., Tokyo, Japan), with two different implantation modes, i.e. unilateral lobar occlusion or bilateral partial closure, which lead to redistribution of ventilation, but avoid atelectasis.
Surface alloys of Ti Pd have been produced on titanium foils using high intensity pulsed plasma beams in the pulsed implantation deposition mode, with nitrogen as the plasma gas.
In DB mode the implantation energy can be varied between 3 and 30 keV with a beam diameter on the target ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 mm FWHM.
It was established that ion implantation in high-intensity mode allows the formation of finely-dispersed (grain size less than 100 nm) intermetallic phases A3B and AB (A = Ti, Ni; B = Al, Ti), as well as solid solutions of composition variable in depth in the surface layer.
Since there was no significant difference in cavity size when comparing 6 weeks and 12 weeks after implantation, we investigated fixation mode regardless of time point.
First, in order to establish the relative importance of individual experimental variables on the tissue reaction including number of neurons, effects of implant fixation mode and diameter, time-point after implantation and distance from implant were analyzed.
Conclusion: Young implanted deaf children showed a significant progress in their narrative abilities through time and a significant shift in the predominant mode of communication towards more speech orientated communication modes following cochlear implantation.
An example of this force-displacement curve is shown in Figure 2. To evaluate the effects of screw designs (conical or cylindrical) and different modes of screw implantation (cannulated screw with cement injection or solid screw with retrograde cement pre-filling) on the stability of spinal fixation, the magnitudes of the ultimate pullout force were statistically compared.
The family of techniques reaches from pure plasma ion implantation, to ion implantation and deposition hybrid modes, to modes that are essentially plasma film deposition with substrate bias.
So far, relevant factors are age at onset of deafness, age at implantation, length of implant use, amount of residual hearing, duration of deafness, educational mode and resources, and psychosocial elements [ 2, 4– 10].
