Exact(10)
Using imperfect tests may lead to biased estimates of disease frequency and of associations between risk factors and disease.
Different methods of dealing with two or more imperfect tests and unknown reference standard are contrasted with regard to their implications on prevalence estimation: discrepant analysis, composite reference standards, and latent class models.
In all cases, imperfect tests biased VPC estimates towards the null but corrected estimates could be obtained by modeling the sensitivity and specificity of the test procedure with beta distributions.
Increasing the number of imperfect tests and/or taking into account prior knowledge, increases our knowledge of the latent disease status.
LCA is based on the notion that the observed results of various imperfect tests for the same disease are influenced by a common, underlying latent (unobserved) variable, the true disease status [19].
Although previous authors have acknowledged these assumptions and recognised they constituted imperfect tests, within habitat patchiness has not been empirically tested in this context before.
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One of the reasons I'd become interested in the Bessinger story is that it struck me as a small, imperfect test case for how to act in our political moment.
The P.S.A. is an imperfect test, but I did not have time to discuss the pros and cons of it, so I made a mental note to do so later.
About 70 percent of the respondents were willing to take even an imperfect test for genetic risks of Alzheimer's, and more than three-quarters were willing to take such tests for arthritis, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
But judging by a sampling of voters in one politically divided region, the western suburbs of Philadelphia, the Boston bombings may be an imperfect test case for opponents of reform.
Lawrence and Garner may have been reluctant to talk to civil-rights lawyers from the outset, and reluctant to become the face of gay sodomy in Texas, and yet this imperfect test case could be made over into something more than serviceable.
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