Policy makers have their own cognitive biases, which will induce them to design imperfect interventions even if they mean well.
To a large extent, the evidence is derived from studies among children [ 3], in whom the baseline hand hygiene is often imperfect and the interventions are typically enforced by dedicated adults, in non-blinded cluster-randomized trials [ 3– 13] with risks for Hawthorne effects and biased outcome assessment, or in hospital-based case control studies [ 3, 14] with their known risk of bias.
Finally, we did not explicitly account for imperfect adherence to the interventions, although the efficacy parameters in our model account for <100% efficacy against the specific modes of transmission as would be expected under imperfect adherence.
Moreover, the effect is greater when policies involve a financial cost (risk) suggesting that simple announcements can only be deemed as an imperfect substitute for actual interventions.
The limited amount of studies, inconsistent outcome measures, interventions and imperfect study designs maintain that this is an area in need of greater attention and research focus.
Pir, Elias, and Ismael acknowledged that the intervention had been imperfect, but they didn't share the animus.
Due to imperfect information on the effectiveness of intervention and the resources consumed for treatment, both the costs and effects of health interventions are inevitably associated with some degree of uncertainty.
The narration helps to draw an imperfect but fascinating analogy between the public interventions of the Brazilian avant garde during the dictatorship and the contemporary reuse of the Minhocão: a top-down imposition now rethought from the bottom up.
The so-called marketplace of ideas was, just like any other market, imperfect, and could similarly be improved by careful government intervention.
