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He learned that football teams are imperfect experiments, that with losing comes scrutiny and with firings come grand shifts in perception.
This idealization of imperfect experiments remains an essential scientific process, though nowadays it is considered proper to present (or at least have available for scrutiny) the primary observations, so that others may judge independently whether they are prepared to accept the author's conclusion as to what would have been observed in an ideally conducted experiment.
Robins and Greenland [ 65] brought up the point that Dawid had largely neglected observational studies and imperfect experiments.
These include causal interactions, imperfect experiments, adjustment for confounding, time-varying exposures, competing risks and the probability of causation.
According to Imbens and Rubin [ 34], imperfect experiments constitute the bridge between experiments with ideal compliance and observational studies.
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It was, to be sure, an imperfect experiment — I chose films in part based on scheduling around my reporting and child care demands.
Democracy is an ever-changing and imperfect experiment.
This effect is shown in Fig. 5 ▸(a) for a relatively perfect crystal, whereas the specular peak is weak compared with the 2θB peak for the imperfect crystal experiment (Fig. 5 ▸ b).
In many studies, however, the actual treatment and control conditions do not equal the intended protocols, at least, not for some individuals or measurement points (imperfect or broken experiments).
As an imperfect but informative experiment, we might ask whether recent increases in fuel and energy costs, particularly petrol, have done more to reduce the share of SUVs in the American automobile fleet or the incidence of dog ownership.
We invite those neighbors to be part of America's still imperfect yet admirable experiment in collective self-determination.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com