Our findings indicate that culling impedes the evolution of avian host resistance against influenza.
Although mass culling achieves a short-term benefit in disease control, it was found to impede the evolution of host resistance, which is important for long-term success of keeping avian influenza at bay.
The balance involved in this trade-off impedes the evolution of high phenotypic variability.
Contrary to expectation, multiple matings of colony foundresses impede the evolution of specialization.
Asymmetric evolutionary constraints may thus impede the evolution of generalists, both in certain antibiotic and antibiotic-free environments.
Those authors attributed the relative evolutionary conservatism of SShD to constraints by high genetic correlations between male and female wing traits [ 54], which would be expected to impede the evolution of differences between the sexes.
Moreover, gene expression noise would seem to impede the evolution of accurate gene regulation, and previous investigations have provided circumstantial evidence that natural selection has acted to lower noise levels.
Higher density and homogeneity of the agro-ecosystem would have promoted higher pathogenicity of populations infecting domesticated hosts, while the patchy and geographically structured populations of M. sieversii (Richards et al. 2009) would have impeded the evolution of high pathogenicity in populations from natural ecosystems.
The fact that selfing has arisen multiple, independent times within clade C may imply a selective advantage of this trait ([ 55, 92, 94]; see further below), and that inbreeding depression, as the principal counterweight to this advantage (e.g., [ 13, 14]), has not impeded the evolution of selfing in these tropical orchids.
Bt's complex mode of action and multiple toxin formulations were expected to impede the evolution of resistance; however, this has not been the case (Table 2; Tabashnik 1994; Janmaat and Myers 2003; Van Rensburg 2007; Tabashnik et al. 2008; Bagla 2010; Storer et al. 2010; Gao et al. 2011; Gassmann et al. 2011).
