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Ores containing cobalt have been used since antiquity as pigments to impart a blue colour to porcelain and glass.
The metal was isolated (c. 1735) by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt, though cobalt compounds had been used for centuries to impart a blue colour to glazes and ceramics.
Cobalt oxide additions of 140 to 4,500 grams (5 ounces to 10 pounds) per ton of glass are made to impart a blue colour to structural glass, bottles, and optical filter glasses.
The metal was isolated (c. 1735) by a Swedish chemist, Georg Brandt, though cobalt compounds had been used for centuries to impart a blue colour to glazes and ceramics.
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Significant amounts of deoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation impart a blue-gray cast to the skin (called cyanosis).
These FRT sites flank a cassette that imparts a color to transformant colonies, in this case the alpha-complementing fragment of lacZ that imparts a blue color.
This staining process involves hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid, that removes non-nuclear substances and hydrolyses chromatin into its constituent nucleic acids, followed by stoichiometric binding of the dye to the nucleic acids, imparting a blue color.
Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass, but the color was later thought by alchemists to be due to the known metal bismuth.
It is well-known that cobalt can impart a deep blue colour to glass even at a concentration of a few hundred ppm (see for example [1: p. 244, 61: p. 163T, 66], and as little as 0.02 % [24: p. 69]).
Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes and ceramics.
They contain a highly covalent copper thiolate bond that imparts an intense blue color to the T1 centers, due to absorption at ∼600 nm, and narrow four-line hyperfine splitting in the EPR spectra.
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