It has been shown that hemorheological derangement (i.e., whole blood, plasma, and serum hyperviscosity, reduced erythrocyte deformability, increased red cell aggregation, and hyperfibrinogenemia) can potentially impair micro- and macrovascular blood flow in the brain of Alzheimer's disease subjects [ 18].
It remains unclear why macro-autophagy does not compensate for the impaired micro-autophagy.
A normal peripheral perfusion is associated with normal metabolic perfusion parameters and less impaired micro-vascular reactivity.
As a result, HR remains constant, the coronary vasodilatory reserve is impaired, the micro-circulation decreases, and diastolic dysfunction occurs [ 29].
In our complex (developing tissue) system, the real impact of the MSTN mutation is manifest at multiple biological scales: micro- (impaired binding of MSTN to the MSTN receptor ACVRIIB[ 56] at the level of the molecule), intermediate- (extended cell proliferation at the level of the cell) and macro- (gross change in muscle fibre composition and muscle mass at the level of the tissue).
Alcohol use disorders may also cause impaired immunity indirectly through micro- and macronutrient deficiency, or through other alcohol-related disorders such as malignancies[ 20].
Some examples are intima-media thickness after ultrasound evaluation of arteries, coronary calcification via magnetic resonance imaging, increased pulse wave velocity (PWV), decreased ankle-brachial blood pressure index, impaired renal function, and (micro-) albuminuria (7).
Impaired endothelial-independent micro vascular function was defined as a CFR ratio in response to adenosine of 2.5 or less Impaired endothelial-dependent micro vascular function was defined as the maximal increase in CBF following infusion of any dose of acetylcholine compared to baseline of 50%% or less, giving a ratio of 1.5 or less.
Increased blood viscosity affects the passage of the RBCs through micro-vessels thus impairing the adequate exchange of gases in tissue [ 4].
Additional exclusion criteria were evidence of major micro- or macrovascular complications and impaired cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, or renal function.
