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While earlier studies attempted to define the mechanisms that contribute to impaired structure and function of skeletal muscle with T1DM, streptozotocin (STZ) administration was the diabetogenic agent was frequently used to induce hypoinsulinemia/hyperglycemia [37] [45].
Both, shear stress as well as oxygen toxicity, are known to negatively impact development of the gas exchange area of lungs resulting in impaired structure and function of both vessels and alveoli, critically driven by an inflammatory response and significant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling [5].
We therefore propose that the primary defect in this HHS-affected family is not telomere shortening but, rather, an impaired structure of the telomere.
We assume that the reduction of surface expressed MHC I and the impaired structure and function of the Golgi apparatus, which are possibly controlled by different ORFV gene products, independently affect intracellular transport and surface stability of MHC I and cooperatively undermine immune recognition of ORFV-infected cells by CTLs as well as NK cells.
It has been documented that blocking the effects of myostatin, not only renders the increased muscle mass more susceptible to contraction-induced injury, but more recently, using murine models, it has been shown that myostatin deficiency resulted in an impaired structure and function of tendon tissues (Mendias et al. 2008).
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A good understanding of the corrosion effects on the reinforcing steel mechanical properties is necessary to adequately assess impaired structures.
Apart from normal vessels with a tubular structure, mutant brains displayed impaired vascular structures that appeared in EC clusters.
These mutant cells were also defective in GPI-anchor biosynthesis, failed to grow, were morphologically altered, and had impaired mitochondrial structure and function, demonstrating the importance of PE in parasite's physiology [50].
IBS is a functional disorder, which means that while the body's function is impaired, its structure is unchanged.
Mammalian studies have revealed that mice lacking both APP and APLP2 display impaired synaptic structure and function at the peripheral cholinergic neuromuscular junction [24].
Furthermore, impaired OS structure in Rpe65−/− mice, already obvious by 2 months of age (Figures 3C and 4B), was highly disrupted and reduced as the disease progresses by 6 months of age, as shown in immunohistological (Figure 4B) and histological (Figure 5C) analyses.
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