However, the health impacts of area-level internal housing improvement interventions are as yet unclear.
Furthermore, the impact of area of residence is a rarely researched area that should be given more attention in future studies, as it seems to influence the probability of survival following a fall injury.
Three of the systematic reviews we included were aimed at addressing pathway one the impact of area characteristics.
A detailed report on the impact of area of residence and of other factors on the internal exposure will be published elsewhere.
For example, in finding a greater impact of area deprivation on American men than women, Singh used an index that included 'percentage of single parent households' (38).
The larger buffer sizes represent the potential impact of area level sources (e.g., all industrial or residential emissions) on measured concentrations, rather than the impact of a specific road or point source.
Importantly, these results lend some support to hypotheses regarding the impact of area effects on health, in that for individuals who moved to lower poverty areas, there were improvements in mental health and in obesity.
