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However, failures by impactor penetration were observed on some samples.
The catastrophic failure with cracking of the aluminium layers and composite materials and impactor penetration of the hybrid laminate are the next stages.
Impactor penetration accelerates the atmosphere in the entry path and creates a hot wake in which the atmospheric density is lower by a few orders of magnitude than the ambient atmosphere.
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The experimental results to investigate the influence of impactor type suggest that the penetration of the impactor and induced damage are more important with a conical impactor.
Specimens impacted at extreme low temperature (−70 °C) exhibit less strength, and higher susceptibility to damage, resulting in severe penetration by the impactor.
At high impact energy levels, pristine and Glass Bubble modified laminates showed the highest peak force and low absorbed energy with penetration of the impactor through their thickness, while nanoclay-modified laminate showed the highest absorbed energy and minimum peak reaction force without penetration.
The depth of penetration (2 mm) of the impactor tip from its starting position, the target velocity of the impactor (5 m/s) and dwell time (100 ms) were preset in the control software (Fig. 1).
We suggest an engineering method that allows using the known (e.g., from the experiments) data on the depth of penetration of several high-speed impactors for predicting the depth of penetration for the impactors having different shapes.
The shape of the normally striking impactor that attains the maximum depth of penetration into a concrete or a limestone semi-infinite target for a given impact velocity is found.
In this paper Walter John's (John, 1999) simple but accurate derivation for the cutpoint of an impactor is extended to include the effect of flow penetration.
Finally, a comparison of numerical and experimental results is presented for a complete penetration test of the target by the impactor.
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