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We first present the goodness-of-fit statistics for the four models (Q1) and show how accounting for PD impacted item parameter estimation (Q6).
For example, Nehm and Schonfeld (2008) found items that asked students to define a term or concept related to evolution (e.g., natural selection) were difficult (i.e., few students answered correctly) and that item context (e.g., evolution of plants) may have impacted item difficulty even further.
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In (Hole et al. 2015), an explanatory item response theory (IRT) approach was used for a preliminary investigation of to what extent dependence on mathematical theory might impact item difficulty.
The current investigation sought to determine if common covariates (age and level of education) impacted on item responsiveness within the two GHQ-8 sub-scales.
The migraine-ACT questionnaire is a validated method to assess the consistency (item 1), global assessment of relief (item 2), impact (item 3), and emotional response (item 4) associated with the acute migraine medication [16].
Item responses in Eq. (4) were generated by manipulating different levels of impact, item, and person clustering effects in both θ ij and γ d k)ij, and item difficulty parameters b k.
The Cronbach's alpha value did not increase significantly if the financial impact item was deleted.
Further psychometric analysis showed no unfavourable effect of the financial impact item on the scale's overall performance.
The six items were selected from 89 items (54 from an existing adverse headache impact item pool and 35 items recommended by clinicians) (20).
H01: Total score: TRIM-Diabetes total will be significantly related to generic treatment satisfaction (TSQM) and/or an overall self-report total impact item.
H03: For the Daily Life domain there will be a correlation with Impairments in Activities (AIA) and/or self report overall life impact item.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com