For men, the impact was smaller – 1.3 percentage points in the most deprived neighbourhoods by 18. Asian and black women were 4.3 and 6.2 percentage points more likely to achieve the equivalent of an A-level with the EMA.
Enslaved Africans made up a significant proportion of the population throughout the Caribbean and in other regions with plantation-based economies (especially sugarcane and coffee); their impact was smaller in Mexico and the Andes.
He noted that that impact was smaller than it would have been in earlier years, in part because profits were higher and in part because companies have begun cutting back on option grants in expectation of the new rule, which would take effect in 2005.
Von Tunzelmann assessed the quantitative impact of the Watt steam engine and its pirate copies on the British economy using the social savings method pioneered by R.W. Fogel, showing that the impact was smaller and later than many historians had supposed.
The estimated jobs impact was smaller than the potential number of jobs saved as implied by the full-time equivalent number of participants in STW.
The impact was smaller in later tax years, and the cumulative effect on earnings over the four tax years for which data were analysed (2005 2006 through 2008 2009 16 is not statistically significant.
