The present meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of trainee operator status on clinical outcomes following valvular surgery.
However, most published studies have been unable to demonstrate any significant impact of trainee endoscopist on the increased rates of CP [ 8, 10, 11].
The most stimulating contextual element on learning was related to patient encounters, which were not only an incentive for trainees to look things up or plan learning activities, but also had a strong impact on trainees' retaining knowledge and experiences in memory.
Not surprisingly, recent studies identified many barriers that negatively impact on trainees' credentialing success in both LMIC and high-income country (HIC) settings [7, 9 13].
There have been important changes to postgraduate medical education in recent years in the UK, and elsewhere, and it is important to evaluate their impact on trainees.
34 35 This laughter for coping suggests that experiences such as this ('I don't find DOPS very useful') can have a negative impact on trainees' emotional learning experiences.
Lingard et al [ 53, 54] describe the impact on trainees within the OT while Lave and Wenger [ 55] "communities of practice" more broadly describe the importance of work practice on the "professionalisation" of trainees.
The hidden curriculum can be considered to be ever present among medical students and residents [ 7] and, as argued by Hafferty, the hidden curriculum may impact medical trainees more than the formal curriculum itself, [ 8, 9].
Richman et al 2 studied the mental health impacts for trainees who were subjected to maltreatment.
