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We present a land-use allocation model that evaluates the impact of payments for ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation on land-use patterns.
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Dr. Patrick H. Conway, chief medical officer of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, said his agency would closely monitor the impact of payment changes on renal patients, "including any potential unintended clinical changes in beneficiary care such as increases in blood transfusions".
The Norwegian primary physician service is an ideal setting for exploring the impact of payment systems.
In Fig. 3, the impact of payment satisfaction constraints is even more obvious than that of consumption way satisfaction constraints.
We investigate the impact of payment conditionality types, i.e. different specifications when to pay and when not to pay, for PES on deforestation and agricultural production in a lab-in-the-field experiment.
Third, we disentangled the impact of payment shocks based on the reason for the shocks: payment shock due to the expiration of a teaser rate (i.e. "teaser shock") versus the payment shock due to index rate changes at the time of reset (i.e. "market rate shock").
Thus our framework reliably provides theoretical insight and concrete quantitative measurements consistent with extant empirical research such as the shapes of yield spread curves under various firm's financial statuses, and the impact of payment blockage covenants on newly-issued and other outstanding bonds.
Our approach has of necessity been a general one; much remains to be learnt about the impact of payment by results at a more disaggregate level.
A difference emerged when we looked at the longer term effects that is, two years of impact of payment by results.
A second systematic review of the impact of payment methods on the behaviour of primary care physicians found that those paid on fee-for-service basis provided more services than those paid by salary or by capitation [ 8].
There has been a vast body of literature focusing on the impact of payment mechanisms and financial incentives on GPs' practice and behaviours [ 25- 27], with some studies concluding that they have significant effects on clinical decision making [ 28].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com