Use is made of the Poincaré section or stroboscopic mapping technique, essentially following an initial impact forwards or backwards in time to subsequent or previous impacts using a computer.
In our 2003 review we suggested that the evidence indicated it could be less difficult to trace the impact forwards than it was to work backwards, and this opinion was strengthened by a review in 2007 [ 29].
It also indicates that when the assessment starts with research, and traces the impact forwards, it is more likely to identify impact than when the analysis starts with the policy and attempts to identify the impact made on it by research [ 6].
To demonstrate when and how research has an impact on policy, studies can either start with research and trace the impact forwards, or start with policies and attempt to trace the impact backwards to the relevant research that might have influenced the policy.
Adopting the approach of tracing the impact forwards from the original research, as described above, they explore how following a targeted communications effort, that report succeeded in raising the profile of the epidemic as a humanitarian emergency requiring urgent action from international organisations, donors, and governments.
Three torpedoes hit the battleship: two impacted forward of the engine rooms, while the third struck the port steering room and jammed her rudder in a 15° port turn.
That just about sums up the huge impact the forward has had on the 2012 playoffs so far.
(City Room has compiled answers to readers' questions about the investigation, the news coverage and the political impact going forward).
Those conditions "will have a greater impact going forward, but will be somewhat mitigated by the easing of energy prices and a stronger U.S. dollar," he said.
