Individuals who can't be immunized or who are too young to be immunized suffer the greatest morbidity and mortality.
Millions of children in the developing world are not immunized against preventable diseases by parents who fear that immunization programs masquerade as forced sterilization programs or other government conspiracies.
Perhaps a more pertinent example is Japan's seasonal influenza immunization policy, between 1962 and 1994 where children were immunized against influenza explicitly in order to protect the elderly, for whom contracting seasonal flu is more likely to be fatal, and immunization more likely to be burdensome (Reichert et al. 2001; Sugaya 2014).
During the second decade of the 20th century, it became apparent that far more people were being rendered immune to polio by previous asymptomatic infections than were being immunized by recovery from overt disease.
A particular antibody is usually in greatest amount (titre) in individuals who have been immunized with the specific antigen by infection or by other active immunizing procedures.
Adults also should be immunized once at age 65 years against pneumococcal pneumonia with a vaccine containing 23 of the most common strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Table 4).
In the United States children are routinely immunized against measles, mumps, and rubella at the age of 15 months.
About 80% of the children in a given region must be fully immunized against polio in order to stop the chain of person-to-person transmission.
If a woman of childbearing age has not had a natural infection with rubella virus, she should be immunized prior to pregnancy.
Arthus phenomenon, local swelling, redness, and tissue death following skin injection of soluble antigen into a subject previously immunized by a series of similar injections.
Immunization against polio was included in the Expanded Program on Immunization, launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1974, and by 1989 the proportion of children being immunized rose to some 67 percent.
