There are many immobilized methods for enzymes and the commonly used methods are physical adsorption, entrapment, cross-linkage, and covalent attachment [ 24].
For simplification, when labeling certain immobilized titania, the immobilization method used to synthesize the catalyst will be written as abbreviation following the name of the catalyst: solvent evaporation method will be abbreviated by − SE, while dip coating method by − DC.
Table 1 Ethanol yield and glucose consumption time by free and immobilized cells in Alginate beads and sponges Immobilization method Stirrer (rpm) Glucose conc.
Furthermore, the elaborated immobilization method was compared to an aqueous media immobilized trypsin by such factors as protein coupling yield, activity coupling yield, specific activity yield.
For the case of immobilized TiO2 P25, it is expected that the result of EDX and BET analysis would be similar to the result of immobilized TiNT, where the main factor determining the result is the immobilization method.
However, each system has unique immobilized enzyme characteristics depending on factors such as enzyme source, support type, immobilization method, and enzyme-support interaction [ 29, 30].
The electron transfer characteristics of DNA sequences immobilized by proposed method on electrode surface are compared with those from conventional immobilization method.
The biocatalyst immobilization method, the existence of internal and external mass transfer limitations, the effect of the initial pH and the reuse of immobilized yeasts were particularly evaluated.
Immobilized protein methods involve any method in which the target protein is immobilized on a solid support, be it silica, (magnetic) beads, microfluidic chips, or anything else.
