For example, when the scale insect immigrated into a new Cycas habitat, the initial trees that were infested became fully covered by scale insects before the adjacent trees became infested (Fig. 1, top).
It still can be assumed that individuals immigrating into an area late in the season are confronted with similar challenges as late-born juveniles because they have to more quickly establish a burrow and cache food for the winter.
I find that two dispersal strategies can coexist after evolutionary branching: a strategy with full immigration only into the patches with high expected disperser output coexists with a strategy that immigrates into any patch.
In kin-biased dispersal, animals either (i) emigrate together with their kin (paternal and/or maternal kin) or (ii) immigrate into groups that contain previously immigrated kin (e.g., maternal-, or peternal-siblings).
Using the adaptive dynamics approach I show that four qualitatively different dispersal strategies may evolve in different parameter regions, including a counterintuitive strategy, where patches of one type are fully dispersed from (emigration probability is one) but individuals nevertheless always immigrate into them during the dispersal season (immigration probability is one).
In our work, a class of age-structured tuberculosis model with immigration is proposed, where the new individuals can immigrate into the susceptible, latent, infectious and removed compartments.
This pattern arises from the fact that in a scenario with continuing gene flow in which at each generation, many more individuals immigrate into H from S2 than from S1, matings between new immigrants and admixed individuals are more likely to occur with immigrants from S2 than with immigrants from S1.
In writing this, I am bracing myself for the ignorant, racist, and angry commentaries that my feelings on immigration are wrong because, "the system is already in place for people to immigrate into this country the right way".
We investigate how the probability to immigrate into patches of low reward changes with model parameters.
The processors may immigrate into or move away from the network at any time.
