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Figure 5 Immigrant Distribution across Industries, 1993.
I exploit the heterogeneity of immigrant distribution across Italian provinces as a major source of identification.
Figures 5 and 6 show the immigrant distribution across 25 two-digit manufacturing industries.
A relevant concern is that there could be unobserved and time invariant province characteristics shaping the immigrant distribution over provinces and the native nonstandard schedule demand and supply.
To account for potential endogeneity in immigrant location choices, I use historical settlement choices of immigrants across local labor markets to instrument for current immigrant distribution across Italian provinces (Card [10]; Lewis [26]).
The analysis focuses on immigrants who are not EU‐15 citizens and who are in large part coming from Maghreb and Eastern Europe.6 In particular, I combine the micro‐data drawn from the LFS with aggregate data on the immigrant distribution from the Survey on demographic balance and resident foreigners provided by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT .7.
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Finally, immigrants' distribution among the sectors differs according to country of origin.
Individuals from EU-15 are not considered as immigrants either Table 2 Immigrant regional distribution by place of origin Immigrant regional distribution Africa Europe no.
Such suboptimal outcomes would suggest that an immigrant locational distribution, more like that of interprovincial migrants, may be warranted.
We estimate the model excluding the observations at the top and bottom 10%% of the immigrant share distribution.
Within first-generation immigrant populations, the distribution of religions is very different: Islam is the first largest religion in four countries (in the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and also in the Netherlands).
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