We show that returns to human capital are considerably lower for immigrants as compared to natives and that there is no return to pre-immigration work experience, suggesting imperfect transferability of human capital.
Besides, spatial lock-in appears to be more prevalent among Chinese immigrants as compared to non-Chinese immigrants, owed to the former's ties to local Hong Kong residents and subsequent eligibility for government assistance.
We expect that respondents with higher status and with leftwing / liberal political orientation express more tolerance towards immigrants as compared to their counterparts with lower status and rightwing political orientation.
Therefore, using skill groups defined for each year and region as our units of observation, we construct indexes capturing the relative supply of immigrants as compared to natives.
In particular, we analyse the role of human capital in governing the allocation of immigrants, as compared to native workers, in the occupational hierarchy (Chiswick and Miller 2007).
Following Borjas (2001, 2003) and Card (2001), we estimate the impact of employment opportunities on the relative supply of immigrants as compared to natives using skill cells as units of observations.
Empirical research has shown, for different countries, that wages and returns to human capital are generally lower for immigrants as compared to the native-born (Chiswick 1978, Dustmann 1993, Baker and Benjamin 1994, Shields and Wheatly Price 1998, Friedberg 2000, Chiswick and Miller 2008).
There is only limited data on the health status of immigrants as compared to Spanish-born individuals.
This study has highlighted subgroups of women who demonstrate particularly poor health practices: women of low income, established Canadian immigrants (as compared with recent immigrants), and women living in Ontario and Quebec.
