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Similarly, IgA recoveries were higher in "immediate" samples.
Immediate samples of 350 ml of cold and a second portion of 1000 ml of hand-warm, mixed cold and hot tap water were taken at each sampling.
Out of the 101 immediate samples examined, 41 (40.6%) were positive for Legionella spp. while, out of the 168 post flush samples examined, 41 (24.4%) were positive (RR = 1.66, CI = 1.17 2.37, P = 0.007).
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Four samples were collected from each cabin: One sample was collected from hot water discharging from the shower head immediately after it was turned on (immediate sample) and the second after 60 seconds flow time (post flush sample).
A temperature of −20°C inside the condensing chamber, which was maintained throughout the collection time, produced immediate sample freezing.
Animals were chosen according to availability for immediate sampling and owner compliance.
UCPCR is a non-invasive test and does not need proximity to a laboratory for immediate sample analysis.
In this regard, a hypoxia-associated gene expression signature was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after delayed sample processing compared to immediate sample processing [ 20].
This preliminary study showed, after immediate sampling on filter paper, that amplicons were obtained for both nasal swabs and blood samples but not for the lymph node suspension.
Relative to the base-case scenario where immediate sampling is performed on both newly infected and recovered individuals, the following results are observed.
On technical grounds however pp65 antigenemia, although less expensive, is often difficult to perform in leukopenic samples and suffers from major pitfalls such as labor-intensive manual procedure, requirement for immediate sample processing, subjective interpretation of results.
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