Results are separated for montane (black) and flatlands (white) species and for three assumptions regarding dispersal ability (no dispersal, contiguous dispersal, universal dispersal).
The structure of the model allowed inter-group transmission only with immediate neighbours or via dispersal, although inter-group contacts with non-neighbours were occasionally recorded via the field data.
Our results revealed that the discarding of wastes into the open dump is a potential source of soil contamination in the immediate vicinity and beyond, via dispersal.
The large astrocytic syncytial volume can serve as a source for transcellular diffusion of fuel, neurotransmitter precursors, redox compounds and signalling compounds, as well as a sink for dispersal of Na+, K+, lactate and glutamate to disperse their immediate perisynaptic concentrations and facilitate lactate discharge from endfeet to perivascular fluid and blood.
"The female lays a few eggs amongst marine vegetation and these hatch into miniature adults that must forage for themselves and because of their limited swimming ability they are 'tied' to the immediate [area] in which they are born without the dispersal capability of most sharks".
The status of individuals may thus play a crucial role in cost benefit considerations and behavioural decisions, by directly affecting the time and effort individuals need to allocate to various activities related to their most immediate needs (e.g. breeding successfully versus overcoming dispersal costs).
Our findings are consistent with the view emerging from the field of macroecology, and from ecology in general, that much apparent local community structure may be attributed to processes that act on much larger scales than the immediate local community, and influence local communities through the dispersal of individuals across the wider landscape [ 14- 16, 20, 22, 23].
This is in line with dispersal kernels of plant diaspores usually reaching their greatest density in the immediate surroundings of the mother plant (Nathan, 2006).
To assess the relationship between epidural contrast dispersal patterns from lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) and both immediate- and short-term pain reduction.
Current assessment and prediction of the impacts of sediment diversions have focused on the capture and dispersal of both water and sediment on the adjacent river side and the immediate outfall marsh area.
