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To date, X-ray methods have been used to image catalyst bodies under both preparation and operation conditions16,40,41,42,43.
Recent developments in synchrotron radiation now make it possible to image catalyst materials with high spatial resolution in a non-invasive fashion.
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Grunwaldt, J.-D., Wagner, J. B. & Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. Imaging catalysts at work: a hierarchical approach from the macro- to the meso- and nano-scale.
Details of SEM image of catalyst particle with layer are shown in Fig. 7a and corresponding enlarged SEM image is shown in Fig. 7b.
Figure 11b shows the image of catalyst deposited on TiO2-CNF, where PtRu particles with a diameter of approximately 7 nm were deposited on the TiO2-CNF and exposed to the TiO2 surface.
(c, d, and e) TEM micrograph, RBM of the Raman spectroscopy, and AFM image of catalyst-free SWCNT, respectively.
The TEM images of catalyst support Fig. 11a show that the TiO2 was homogenously dispersed in a 136-nm diameter of carbon nanofiber, due to the homogenous dispersion of polymer solution and TiO2 precursor during sol-gel method.
The SEM images of the catalyst (Figure 7d inset) suggest that it remains solid during growth.
The SEM images of catalysts prepared by reductive deposition precipitation method show the presence of well-dispersed Ni particles than in the impregnated catalysts.
Literacy Through Photography (LTP) is a teaching methodology that encourages children to explore their worlds as they photograph scenes from their own lives, using the images as catalysts for verbal and written expression around universal themes such as self-portrait, community, family, and dreams.
Fig. 4 a TEM image of Pt/graphene/TiO2 catalyst, b single DMFC performance of Pt/graphene and Pt/graphene/TiO2 catalyst (reprinted with permission from Ref. [44] Copyright @ 2015 Elsevier).
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