As the following section illustrates, accountability relations between actors are complex, dense, and contingent on their context.
As Figure 1 illustrates, accountability of multilateral donor agencies to governing institutions such as the United Nations with entrenched nation-state interests, or to a small group of influential nation-states, leads to slow moving, self-reinforcing path dependent tendencies.
The Global Fund provides a useful entry point to illustrate multiple accountability relations, while the subfields identified (finance, programme, and governance) provide an organising frame to discuss accountability issues, and to highlight how accountability is an ongoing process of learning, change and contestation.
The Moir case, on the other hand, illustrates how little accountability there is at some newspapers.
In many ways, Calabria illustrates the crisis of accountability in the European Union.
The difficulties in obtaining justice in the Abner Louima case illustrate that current police accountability systems do not work.
A health self-management scenario is used to illustrate how privacy preferences, accountability obligations, and access to personal information can be published and accessed as Linked Data by multiple participants, including the internal and external auditors.
Healthy workforces are central to the G20's goal of robust economic growth, but as the G20 accountability report illustrates the premier forum on the global economy continues to neglect health issues.
Because merely denouncing these heinous acts (a la President Obama) is meaningless; what truly matters is illustrating and carrying out genuine accountability.
The SEC illustrated its commitment to "individual accountability" in its recent enforcement action by suing the platform operator as a control person liable for the platform's violations of the US securities laws.
