(Fulford, 1989, Horwitz, 2001) The concepts of disease, illness, abnormality, malady, disorder and malfunction are closely related, but they are not the same.
For much of the relatively brief history of genetic science, there has been an even greater misunderstanding – the notion that the presence or absence of single genes is the determining factor that accounts for illnesses, abnormalities, dysfunctions, etc.
Healthy volunteers were recruited through advertisement and medical screening were conducted to exclude any chronic illness or abnormalities, consumption of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and current or past use of any active substance.
To our best knowledge, this is the first animal model of critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities.
Our aim was to systematically review published data on the diagnosis, risk factors and outcomes of patients with critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities (CINMA).
Infants' were required to have been born at no less than 37 weeks, to have a birth weight of at least 2,500 g and to have no severe illness or abnormalities.
After a physical examination (to exclude any abnormality of the cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal and central nervous system), blood pressure and pulse rate were measured and general examination (to rule out anemia, cyanosis, clubbing, jaundice and lymphadenopathy) of the subject was conducted to exclude any illness or abnormality.
Consideration of the moral issues related to one particular branch of medicine, namely psychiatry, makes it clear that such issues arise not only in areas of treatment but also in matters of diagnosis and classification, where the application of labels indicating illness or abnormality may create serious disadvantages for the individuals so designated.
Patients with history of any chronic illness, growth abnormality and/or any bleeding disorder were excluded from the study.
Exclusion criteria were subjects suffering from any serious illness; growth abnormality, e.g., craniofacial syndromes, rickets, medical syndromes, bone disease, and bone deformities; bleeding disorders, or history of any serious trauma or injury to the face.
