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Among the biggest beneficiaries of the illicit opium economy have been the Taliban.
Throughout the 1960s and '70s, Southeast Asia experienced substantial growth in illicit opium trade.
Afghanistan is still the world's biggest producer of illicit opium, far ahead of Myanmar's estimated 410 tonnes in 2008.
Myanmar is the world's second-largest source of illicit opium and heroin after Afghanistan, according to the State Department's 1999 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report.
Afghanistan was the world's largest source of illicit opium in 2002, producing 3,750 tons, according to the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime.
This spring in Tajikistan, a neighboring country that also relies on cotton, farmers were growing watermelons on the sly, as though they were crops of illicit opium poppies.
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But given Dubai's reputation as a haven for laundered money, an Afghan official said that the "obvious suspicion" is that at least some of the apparent growth in gold shipments to Dubai is tied to the myriad illicit activities — opium smuggling, corruption, Taliban taxation schemes — that have come to define Afghanistan's economy.
Very few 12 ( 3.2%) reported to have ever used any of the listed illicit drugs (opium, heroin, methamphetamine, morphine, cannabis, cocaine, dolantin, ketamine, triazolam, or oramphetamine), and only 8.3% (1/12) once injected drugs, but none reported to have shared needles with other injection drug users.
Without the development of businesses in Afghanistan besides its illicit but lucrative opium trade, Ms. Otunbayeva said, the economic impact of the NATO pullout could destabilize Afghanistan and its neighbors by unleashing a flood of unemployed Afghan refugees, armed extremists and crime.
According to the most recent UN report, some $28 billion of illicit heroin and opium is trafficked annually from Afghanistan to Western Europe through the Balkans.
Thes analysisoriginalso appeared on VICE US.
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