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Mainstream accounts of Arab political life highlight endogenous political legacies to explain the persistence of illiberal regime outcomes in the face of global pressures for transition and newness.
His first book on Russian history, Liberal Reform in an Illiberal Regime: The Creation of Private Property Rights in Russia, 1906-15, andreffortan effortoto enhance peasant property rights, launched in a brief surge of reformist activity.
Although little conditionality was attached to these loans, and over 100 crucial infrastructure projects have been started as a result, Angola is what Chris Alden has dubbed an "illiberal regime with weak democracy" — it's far from clear how fair and transparent these negotiations were.
When we contemplate the tactical and strategic decisions on Russia, we need to keep in mind the conflict we have always had of how to push back on an illiberal regime, while at the same time send a message of friendship and even love to the Russian people.
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A further challenge to Raz might be that real societies do not align with this dichotomy between liberal and illiberal regimes; rather they fall along a spectrum of liberality and illiberality, being both more or less liberal relative to each other and being more or less liberal in some domains than in others.
It is a mark of illiberal regimes that they make free speech more difficult even outside their borders.
It is the public's moral indignation over nepotism that has proved to be the nemesis of illiberal regimes.
The implication is that if you push, say, China or the Middle East towards democratisation too quickly, you will produce unstable, illiberal regimes.
I focus in this article on the sources of political change in previously illiberal regimes before and after 'watershed elections,' especially in the Western Balkans.
But the penchant for rushing transitional states to the ballot box often does more harm than good, producing dysfunctional and illiberal regimes.
But it is much, much easier to find counterexamples, in which threats have led to stability under highly illiberal regimes or growth-crushing instability.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com