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The prediction is more precise if this variance is smaller [15, 26].
If this variance is smaller, the phenotype is less influenced by noise, and thus Vip works as a measure of robustness of the phenotype against noise.
Even if this variance component were 0 instead of 22.973, the ICC would still be 0.499.
It is not clear if this variance in COPD related arterial stiffness is due to differences in emphysema severity or involvement of other mechanisms that were not assessed.
If this variance estimation procedure is not correct the true DE could be higher, possibly much higher, than \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\widehat{\text{DE}}} $$\end{document}.
Similar(55)
If this large variance is the characteristic variance of the control system, then there is a fixed point of the dual control system at this value of g.
This assumption stands if the variance of the PN is much less then unity (i.e., σ ϕ 2 ≪ 1 ) which is the case in practice.
This reveals that if this variable can explain variance in migrant protest it only predicts cross-sectional variance.
In this case, the mixture likelihood is unbounded because infinite values emerge if the variance of one of the components is zero.
If the variance of a small sample << the true population variance, then this leads to substantial overestimations of Cohen's d and the statistical power.
However, if the variance is evaluated with much shorter time intervals than used for control, the oscillations are not present.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com