Bound gene-protein complexes that were formed before the current time step can unbind depending on their occupancy status, i.e. with probability koff or koff2, if singly- or doubly-bound, respectively.
Bound gene-protein complexes that were formed before the current time step can unbind depending on their occupancy status, i.e. with probability k off or k off2, if singly- or doubly-bound, respectively.
We found that even if replication in singly infected cells is too slow to initiate sustained virus growth, a successful infection can still be established if the initial inoculum dose is sufficiently high, leading to the immediate generation of coinfected cells that are characterized by a higher burst size.
Starting in 2013, high-income Americans will pay an additional tax of 0.9 percent on their earnings above $250,000 if they are married and above $200,000 if filing singly.
In other words, if the virus replicates slower in singly infected cells, then the addition of another virus needs to increase the overall viral output more for the virus to persist.
A third concept, Effect Summation (ES), is based on the intuitive notion that the effect E of a mixture at a given concentration c Mix simply equals the arithmetic sum of the effects that the n components will provoke if present singly at the concentration at which they are present in the mixture, c i : E c Mix = ∑ i = 1 n E c i (1).
A significant high stimulation of luciferase activity was found when the glial cells were treated with increasing concentration of a mixture of the five chemicals, whereas each of those chemicals, at the concentration present in the mixture, is expected to produce only a weak effect if tested singly.
Even if a singly bound cofilin molecule cannot induce supertwisting of the helix or initiate cluster growth, it does not exclude the possibility that single bound cofilin molecules induce subtler, perhaps longer range, cooperative conformational changes, such as those indirectly detected through biophysical measurements (Dedova et al., 2004; Prochniewicz et al., 2005; Bobkov et al., 2006).
Consequently, single direct predator cues unambiguously indicate the presence of a predator for classic prey females, whereas for IG prey females in mutual IGP systems, these cues, if perceived singly, may indicate a food source (IG prey), a food competitor or an IG predator of their offspring.
" Garnish the dish with whole flowers, or, if served singly on plates, lay a flower upon each square or triangular sandwich.
