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Competency Question 3 : 'What kind of disease can be transmitted in a given geographic location ?' Again a 'can' question, where a result can only be expected if negated.
A medical problem was considered present if mentioned in the text as probable or certain in the present or the past (e.g. "the patient has asthma"; "past history positive for asthma"; "pulmonary edema is probable"), and considered absent if negated in the text or not mentioned at all (e.g. "this test excluded diabetes... ..........; "he denies any asthma").
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Women with a powerful build are slated for looking like men, as if this negated their excellence.
We are told that he was in favor of gay marriage, as if that negated his militant intolerance of others.
Growth-limiting factors including drought, salinity, cold, UV rays as well as pathogenic micro-organisms, e.g. fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc. all can jeopardize the plant life if not negated by plant protective responses.
If facts can be negated, then the negation of fact x (if any) will have existence-set W \ es(x).
Inward investment could be threatened, although the impact of being outside the EU would be negated if foreign companies still believed Britain was a good place to do business or if the Bank of England took action to boost growth.
But because he was popular in so many countries Eastern and Western, intellectuals in his own land sometimes regarded him with skepticism, as if his popularity negated his authenticity as an artist.
Our citizenship is devalued and our historical progress as a nation is negated if we passively accept that a poor, inner-city African-American's voice in selecting the next president is not accorded the same attention as that of an affluent suburban voter.
Animal experiments suggest that the neuroprotective effects of hypothermia are negated if cooling is used on non-sedated animals [21],[21].
The benefits of this increased wetland area, perhaps especially for amphibians, may be negated if habitat quality is insufficient to support persistent populations.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com