Industry officials reject that assertion and point out that bottled water, even if drawn from public water supplies, may be more thoroughly treated than tap water.
Later, as these students analyze their data, Kelly may learn to say a "convenience sample" could be "biased" if drawn from a homogeneous subgroup.
Telling the story of the aviator from her beginnings to her final flight, Ms. Ludwick preceded each section with a voice-over of spoken thoughts, as if drawn from the mind of Earhart herself, but sounding more like hokey affirmations: "No limits, no horizon is too far to go beyond.
Those conclusions, if drawn from a small handful of interviews, simply do not stand up on their own.
Combinations of prognostic biomarkers, particularly if drawn from distinct pathobiological pathways, have been found to improve predictive accuracy [35].
These are modeled as if drawn from a constrained normal distribution whose variance is itself estimated.
A random-effects model assumes that variation across units (municipalities in this case) is random (as if drawn from a sample) and of substantive interest.
Diplotype state is therefore modeled as if drawn from a categorical distribution with probability parameter P i(m), i.e., In the HAPPY formulation of Mott et al. (2000), which we adopt here, element { P i(m)} jk is the HMM-derived Baum Welsh probability of diplotype jk, averaged over the interval between two adjacent markers m and m + 1.
Therefore, as in Zhu and Weir (1996), we model the a j's hierarchically, as if drawn from a common normal distribution, (5) a j ∼ N (0, τ a 2 ), where the variance parameter τ a 2 is given a weakly informative prior distribution.
To simultaneously accommodate and detect outliers we model the individual deviations ε i as if drawn from a scale mixture of normal densities, (6) ε i | λ i, σ 2 ∼ N (0, σ 2 λ i ) (7) λ i | ν ε ∼ 1 ν ε × χ 2, where the scale factor λ i is modeled as 1/νε times a draw from a chi-square distribution with νε d.f.
