For MIV cultures, observed NovRNalR cotransformation frequencies were compared with those expected if all cells were equally competent, (NovR/CFU) * (NalR/CFU), providing estimates of the fraction of competent cells in the culture if competence is a binary on/off cellular state (Goodgal and Herriott 1961; Mell et al. 2011).
IF COMPETENCE and arrogance go together, then Joschka Fischer, Germany's outgoing Green foreign minister, is a prime example.
I've seen only one episode, but I felt that they were being a little cute, almost trying to screw up, as if competence would intimidate viewers, but their evaluation of the book in question seemed sound, and now I know which Japanese cookbook not to buy.
If competence tests contain items with various scales, as is likely in complex modeling situations, the partial credit model appears most appropriate.
We tested if competence could be induced in strain B. licheniformis DSM13 by induced expression of comK as described above.
Furthermore, even if competence was for nutritional purposes, some of the DNA taken up still survives digestion and recombines with the chromosome.
These assessment tools may be useful in assessing one aspect of EBP competence (e.g. step 3), as is the case with the Berlin test; however, they are not suitable if competence across all four EBP domains is sought.
And if epistemic competences are understood as reliable processes, the resulting virtue reliabilist account of justification would presumably amount to a version of process reliabilism.
If epistemic competences are understood as involving reliable processes, then virtue reliabilism inherits many of the challenges facing process reliabilism in particular, the generality problem.
Indeed, our interviews indicated clearly that these have been necessary but not sufficient measures if other competences in the system do not develop favourably.
