Methodological problems that compounded the difficulties in interpretation and generalisability of study findings included selection biases and use of non-representative samples, idiosyncratic outcome measures, inadequate adjustment for confounding, and the prevailing medico-legal or compensation context.
Valid, reliable and established observer- and self-rating scales were chosen in preference to idiosyncratic or untested measures.
Despite the strong evidence that plants exhibit complexity and contingency in how they occupy and explore the soil environment (Mommer et al. 2012), the research performed to date is predominately a series of individual studies with idiosyncratic methods and measures, species selections and variable results.
Each such approach to time consistency of a given LM-measure exploits the idiosyncratic properties of this LM-measure, which are not necessarily shared by other LM measures, and typically is suited only for a specific subclass of dynamic LM-measures.
One possibility is that the transitory spike found with the VIX would not be found with measures of idiosyncratic risk like those featured in my model.11 Equity options prices can also be used to measure firm-idiosyncratic risk (Stein and Stone 2012).
The units in which American building materials are measured are idiosyncratic in the extreme — they include gauges, penny sizes, nominal dimensions, and a host of other anachronistic absurdities — but the over-all system works well, in part because it arose organically from human activity instead of being imposed from above by theoreticians.
Finally, we add to the literature measuring the idiosyncratic contribution of top firms to the variation of exports.
Other safety biomarkers focusing on idiosyncratic safety issues most often measure enzyme deficiencies and immune response (e.g. HLA genes).
A specification including an interaction between the distance measures and household income may illuminate the first question, and a version including measures of how idiosyncratic each spouse's job is may reveal the degree of preference mismatch.
Its founder, Bruce D. Henderson, was considered brilliant but idiosyncratic; his unorthodox theories — about measuring a company's success by its market share, and dividing businesses into categories like "cash cows" and "dogs" — were then regarded as outside the mainstream of corporate consulting.
