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We found a marked tree identity effect at the continental scale, with proportion of evergreen leaf litter negatively affecting total earthworm biomass and species richness, as well as their biomass per functional group.
It is enough to assume, however, that questions of how one is allowed to use the concept of identity effect only the care with which one should characterize these cases, not any substantive matter of fact.
All subjects participating in the experiment had previously participated (weeks before the experiment was run) in other sessions facing a Raven test, a risk aversion test and a basic socioeconomic survey.9 The list of participants in every session was randomized to control for any reputation or group identity effect.
Janzen [18] and Connell [19] argue that species-specific predators concentrate their activities near adult trees where seed density is high (density effect) and cause higher mortality of seeds and seedlings near the maternal parent (species identity effect) than further away (distance effect).
Permanent environment (identity effect not linked to the pedigree) was included to account for repeated measurements on the same individual (Kruuk 2004).
The egg identity effect arose because experimental eggs were punctured more frequently than control (t86 = −2.73, p = 0.008) or host eggs (t86 = −2.59, p = 0.011).
Conclusions were unchanged when analysing punctures per unit surface area and taking shell thickness of the experimental egg and clutch membership into account (egg identity effect: F2,86 = 4.72, p = 0.011; shell thickness effect: F1,25 = 0.01, p = 0.93).
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For maple, direct positive species identity effects were observed for C, N, P, S, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and Al.
The findings showed significant differences in social identity across adolescent groups, in that social identity effects were relatively strong in early- and late-adolescents, particularly when peer group identity rather than gender identity was salient.
Beyond the nutritional treatment itself, we found sizable brood identity effects that slowly but steadily declined with age, indicating a significant but decaying effect of natural variation in parental provisioning on adult phenotypes.
From a technical point of view, it is recognized that the cross-sectional design that was chosen because of research economic considerations severely limits results because of the probable but undeterminable time lag of corporate identity effects on CSR disclosure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com