Early research identified resilience as a characteristic of the individual [ 6], and considered resilient children to be exceptional individuals, unique in their ability to prevail against the odds.
Mangurian identifies resilience as one of the key qualities desired in business leaders today, but he says that many people confuse it with toughness.
Four discrete trajectories were identified: Resilience (little or no depression; 68.2%), Chronic Grief (an onset of depression following loss; 13.2%), Depressed-Improved (high pre-loss depression that decreased following loss; 11.2%), and Pre-existing Chronic Depression (high depression at all assessments; 7.4%).
In summary, Switzerland and Germany identify resilience strategically in specific sectors such as critical infrastructure, but not as part of the overall goal for civil protection.
In comparison, the National Strategy for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure (SFC 2012b) identifies resilience as the overall aim and vulnerability analysis as a tool for reaching this aim.
Researchers also have identified resilience as a process or energy which increases the one's patience for difficult circumstances and anxieties (e.g., Choi and Kim, 2010 Richardson and Waite, 2002; Waller, 2001;).
Forecasting the effects of global changes on high altitude ecosystems requires an understanding of the long-term relationships between biota and forcing factors to identify resilience thresholds.
Further research, which identifies resilience factors in left-behind children, will therefore be useful.
For example, Furniss et al 17 identify abstract categories of resilience strategies that can be used to recognise and identify resilience more broadly.
25 26 27 36 There is a pressing need to identify resilience factors in children in bereaved families to develop appropriate interventions.
