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The "bottom up" approach, historically used by biologists, brings together all the known pieces at a subsystem level with the objective of identifying a formal structure of the whole system; a clear drawback is that it does not account for possible unknown factors.
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In fact, none of the participants interviewed were able to identify a formal leader in the role of a clinical decision maker because those decisions were largely dependent on the patient case rather than the practitioners' role(s).
Regarding the integration of CHWs with the facility-based health workers, international publications [ 31, 32] have identified a formal relationship with the health service as a key determinant of the effectiveness of CHWs programmes.
And I am not identifying a particular formal style in that statement: There are awful formal poems and free-verse poems and whatever kind of poems.
ISV partners are identified by a formal selection mechanism and provided infrastructure, such as software and hardware, at lower than market prices.
Development of a new phytosanitary treatment to augment the existing toolbox requires confirmation of treatment efficacy for relevant life stages of quarantine pests, identified by a formal pest risk assessment process.
Aims: To investigate the relationship between socio-demographic factors and alcohol drinking patterns identified through a formal analysis of the factor structure of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score in a population sample of working-age men in Russia.
In brief, suitable trials were identified by a formal search of the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry (CCTR), MEDLINE and Embase (all from their inception to May 2011), as well as reference lists of reports describing such trials.
This suggests that future research into the cost associated with managing false positives should also consider alternative approaches to the management of those positively identified by a formal identification method.
A secondary finding is that adopting the structured clinical interview as a confirmatory test for those positively identified by a formal identification method proved to be cost saving compared with the equivalent strategy without such an interview; however, no such strategy subsequently proved to be cost effective compared with routine care only.
Diagnoses in physician data were non-specific as a function of the four ICD-9 codes available (290, 294, 331, and 797); 24.63 % of all prevalent cases were first identified with a formal diagnosis of 'other cerebral degenerations' and 13.13 % with a diagnosis of 'senile and presenile organic psychotic conditions'.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com