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We identify proficiency profiles across the countries.
This research should involve both qualitative and quantitative empirical studies, interviews and questionnaire surveys and analyses and standard-setting studies as mentioned below in order to identify proficiency levels and cut scores.
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Kondo and Yang (2003) identified low proficiency in English as one factor of FLA in classrooms and applied their measure designed for Japanese undergraduate students; their study implied that Japanese students were worried about their performance and feared failure.
Among all fault detection methods, Acoustic reflectometry is found most suitable because of its proficiency to identify blockages and leakage in pipe as small as 1% of its diameter.
An external quality assessment of laboratory diagnostics such as this one is a process to survey the sensitivity and specificity of current methods for detecting viral infection, identify weaknesses in the proficiency of individual laboratories, and provide participating centres with advice and assistance.
One stakeholder from Kakuma camp identified refugees' English proficiency as a challenge: "A big number of people who apply for these courses, have problems in understanding English which needs a lot of creativity in making all ends meet".
Still, most Black and Hispanic children are ill-prepared when they first enter the public education system, and by the fourth grade two-thirds will be officially identified as lacking proficiency in basic math and reading skills.
(GP informant: 14) Therefore, informants identified that variable proficiency in reading English would make accessing translated materials challenging, and would be likely to require a family member to mediate.
Hawkins and Buttery (2010) propose using levels of usage (or negatively, levels of error) at each proficiency level to identify to which level a feature is criterial.
The Cancer Immunotherapy Immunoguiding Program organizes proficiency panels to identify key parameters influencing the outcome of commonly used T-cell assays followed by harmonization.
With this system, a large pool of teachers are asked to identify students they believe are proficient in a given subject; those students are then tested, and their grades stand as the proficiency range.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com