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While this view is not completely correct (as we have seen, Boltzmann 1868 already applied probability to the total gas), it is true that (1877b) is the first occasion where Boltzmann identifies probability of a gas state with relative volume in phase space, rather than its relative time of duration.
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Experimental results show that the identified probability of images (SNR is about 2) can reach more than 98% by this method.
To identify probability of a clustering pattern occurring by chance, permutation tests were performed.
One may also focus on a lower quantile (such as 2.5 or 5%), and identify probabilities of excess incidence or relative risk at this quantile.
In our study, the alternative used was the Chao estimator which relaxes the assumption that sources are independent, and provides more reliable estimates when the differences between the identifying probabilities of the 2 sources are large (26, 27 ).
A key step of identifying probability motif is the mining of frequent probability pattern.
Participants most often identified probability and ambiguity as sources of uncertainty.
We identify probabilities with degrees of confidence, or credences, or "partial" beliefs of suitable agents.
It identifies the probability of making a wrong estimation (in reception) of the information bit that is being transmitted. .
A fragility analysis is conducted, which identifies the probability of exceeding a structural damage level depending on ground motion intensity, along with a limit state probability analysis to quantify the annual exceedance probability of a specified damage level.
For a given gene set, PIPA identifies the probability of seeing an observed number of protein interactions between siRNA hits by chance.
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