Ocular artifact reduction was performed on the continuous EEG using regression-based subtraction of the averaged blink artefact identified in the bipolar VEOG channel [29].
Structural OFC changes, such as reduced gray matter density and reduced white matter fractional anisotropy, have been identified in individuals with bipolar disorder relative to healthy controls [ 26, 27].
Rare coding variants of the DAT gene have been identified in patients with ADHD, bipolar disorder and parkinsonism3,10.
A deficit in non-verbal memory has also been identified in patients with recurrent bipolar disorder (Arts et al. 2008).
In the same way, bipolar disorder identified in the early stages may be less treatment refractory with a greater probability of response to monotherapy (Scott et al. 2006; Swann et al. 1999).
Initially, we included in the model other procedures identified in the systematic review such as bipolar diathermy resection and holmium laser vaporisation but the number of possible treatment sequences became unmanageable and we therefore focused on technologies in current wide use or those with an extensive evidence base.
If bipolar cells were identified in the hagfish retina and were found to connect photoreceptors with ganglion cells, then our model would either fall or require major revision.
Structural, neurochemical, and functional abnormalities have been identified in the brains of individuals with bipolar disorder, including in key brain structures implicated in postural control, i.e. the cerebellum, brainstem, and basal ganglia.
Cytological, structural and functional abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex have been identified in both schizophrenia [ 37] and bipolar disorder [ 38].
Myosin II appeared as rod-like structures with an average length of 0.6 0.7 µm (Figs 4, 5), which is comparable to the individual bipolar filaments previously identified in vivo and in vitro by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic studies (Yumura and Fukui, 1985; Yumura and Kitanishi-Yumura, 1990b).
