Therefore, the scope of this study was to identify animal models featuring both retinal regions of enhanced cone densities and a vascular pattern avoiding these.
This may include identifying innovative research for development by BARDA, or identifying animal models or other research tools that could accelerate countermeasure development.
Since the human studies cannot ascertain whether the decrease in podocyte number causes or simply correlates with advancing albuminuria and nephropathy, it would be beneficial to identify animal models that recapitulate similar changes.
From an applied perspective, they could also help identify animal models that favor more highly powered association mapping studies, a strategy that has already been heavily exploited in domestic dogs (Karlsson et al., 2007; Karlsson and Lindblad-Toh, 2008) and suggested for rhesus macaques (Hernandez et al., 2007).
Identifying targets for therapeutic development has been particularly complex with AUD, most likely because ethanol has multiple low-affinity (albeit specific) molecular sites of action and because of difficulties in identifying animal behavioral models with adequate consilience for AUD (Barkley-Levenson and Crabbe 2012).
Previous research has associated PTB and altered fetal growth with increased exposure to air pollution and developmental toxicity of various components of air pollution have been identified in animal model research [ 5– 8].
For the genes identified in animal models, the human homolog was identified by automated ortholog search, using WebGestalt 2.0 [ 24, 25].
Since the gene list contains data from humans and animals, the corresponding human genes were identified, with the assumption that genes identified in animal models of Sjögren's syndrome may also be involved in the human disease.
The present results identify an animal model in which OA severity and OA pain can be studied in isolation from one another.
Implications and future directions These findings identify an animal model for pediatric dysphagia that will permit the detailed study of the craniofacial and nervous system developmental disruptions that cause the disorder, and of the peripheral and central nervous system circuitry that is compromised.
