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They discussed disagreements and calculated the κ statistic to assess agreement in the identification of trials.
Indeed, the exhaustive identification of trials, irrespective of the language of publication, seems important to reduce systematic errors like language bias.
The goal of the ICTRP is to create "a network of international clinical trial registries to ensure a single point of access and the unambiguous identification of trials" [ 48].
Identification of trials as cluster randomised in published reports was poor only 48.3% of trials were clearly identified, in contravention of the CONSORT recommendation that trials should be clearly identified as "cluster randomised" in titles or abstracts.
To reduce the risk of selection bias, we downloaded the full article, where necessary, to definitively rule out cluster randomisation and proceeded with screening only after two reviewers reached satisfactory agreement in the identification of trials.
Identification of trials as cluster randomised trials in titles or abstracts was poor, and in a large number of cases we had to download the full article to confirm whether it was a cluster randomised trial.
Similar(52)
This feedback led to further standardisation of information (second phase), after which we re-assessed the extent of correct identification of trial arm.
As there is no standardisation in the reporting of exercise type, intensity, duration or frequency, one possibility is that some exercises are effective, but when trial outcomes are pooled, method heterogeneity in included studies precludes identification of trial-specific effectiveness.
The existence of such prominent behavioral changes over the course of the trials clearly argues for the use of a continuous measure in the analysis of LH behavior and favours the integration of a trial-by-trial analysis that benefits the identification of those trials that have the most statistical power, thus improving overall sensitivity and specificity of the approach.
Mastery at any given difficulty level was defined as correct identification ≥55% of trials, approximately half way between the percentage expected by chance (≤8.3%) and 100%.
We extracted the year of completion of the trial rather than the year of publication for identification of included trials.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com