Identification of individual examples of such immunomodulatory commensals and understanding their mechanisms of interaction with the host will be invaluable in designing therapeutic strategies to reverse intestinal dysbiosis and recover immunological homeostasis.
Through the identification of historic examples of migration and transformation, such as the deconstruction of ships to build homes, the project argues that the raw material of the town can be reconfigured to make site specific interventions that hold the memory of the past in tension with the present.
Interestingly, in contrast to the E. coli and H. pylori results and our identification of several examples of antisense transcripts generated by read-through into convergent genes, the A. phagocytophilum whole genome study identified only one gene, p44, associated with this phenomenon [23].
Its value in practice is confirmed by the identification of isolated examples of horizontal gene transfer events that have already been described in the literature.
The identification of new examples of SANT and SLIDE domains provides an opportunity to refine the sequence definitions of these domains and search for their presence in other proteins.
Identification of convincing examples of evolutionarily-fixed, novel regulatory patterns requires evidence of: 1) a known transposable element (TE) sequence in the region of the gene; 2) the TE sequence affecting regulation of the nearby gene; 3) the gene having some function and 4) the TE having been present long enough to be fixed [ 10, 34].
More sophisticated sequence-based methods of measuring antigenic distances for influenza viruses have been explored by He and Deem in a series of papers involving, for example, identification of clusters of 2009 H1N1 strains, connected according to time-ordered single amino acid mutations and minimal nucleotide mutations [ 38].
The results of ITS-based molecular identification of our example query sequences are included in Table 1.
It is possible that further detail, including identification of, for example, periods of swimming, could have led to an even better understanding of factors influencing HRV.
Despite many current drug-discovery paradigms being driven by potency – at least at the early stages of lead identification – the example of eflornithine demonstrates that lower potency compounds may still emerge as effective treatments.
